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Markus-Passion (BWV 247) – Johann Sebastian Bach - COV Markus-Passion (BWV 247) – Johann Sebastian Bach De Markus-Passion is een – voor een groot deel – verloren gegane passie van Johann Sebastian Bach. Wat wel bewaard is gebleven zijn alle teksten, geschreven door (Christian Friedrich Henrici) Picander, de vaste tekstschrijver van Bach. De tekst van de recitatieven (de verhalende spraakgezangen) is afkomstig uit het Evangelie van Marcus, de hoofdstukken 14 en 15. We weten dan ook van Picander dat deze Markus-Passion op Goede Vrijdag 23 maart 1731 voor de eerste keer moet zijn uitgevoerd onder leiding van Johann Sebastian Bach.
Reconstructies De muziek is dus verloren gegaan, maar in de loop van de tijd zijn er veel reconstructies gemaakt van de Markus-Passion. In de tijd van Bach was het gebruikelijk om muziek van aria’s, koren en koralen te ‘parodiëren’ (= van nieuwe tekst voorzien). Bach deed dit zelf ook. Regelmatig gebruikte hij de muziek uit de wereldlijke cantates die hij dan met een andere tekst opnieuw gebruikte in kerkcantates. Heel efficiënt. Bij de reconstructies van de Markus-Passion werden uit andere werken van Bach aria’s en koren gezocht die qua melodie en structuur op de overgeleverde tekst pasten. Muziekwetenschappers hebben lang geleden, op grond van tekstvergelijkingen, de conclusie getrokken dat de aria’s en koren van de Markus-Passion te vinden moeten zijn in de cantate BWV 198 “Laß Fürstin, laß noch einen Strahl”, de Trauer-Ode die Bach in 1727 schreef bij de dood van koningin Christiane Eberhardine von Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Tussen de tekst van de Trauer-Ode en die van de Markus-Passion bestaan onmogelijk te negeren overeenkomsten. Minstens twee koren en drie aria’s moeten daarom dezelfde muziek hebben gehad. Andere koren uit de Markus-Passion vertonen een relatie met delen uit het Weihnachtsoratorium.
Simon Heighes Een probleem bij de reconstructie was dat Bach recitatieven nooit hergebruikte. Deze zijn vaak zo uniek dat ze nauwelijks uit andere cantates te halen zijn. De reconstructies die in omloop zijn verschillen dan ook vooral op dit punt. De Markus-Passion die wij op 4 april 2020 uitvoeren is een reconstructie van Simon Heighes (1995). Hij gebruikt recitatieven uit de Markus-Passion van Bachs tijdgenoot Reinhard Keiser. Deze Markus-Passion van Keiser heeft Bach zelf gekopieerd en ook tenminste twee keer uitgevoerd. In 1999 werd echter duidelijk dat deze Markus-Passion níet gecomponeerd is door Reinhard Keiser, maar door Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns (of Bruhns), cantor van de Dom te Hamburg.
Koralen De Markus-Passion heeft een ander karakter dan de eerder geschreven Matthäus-Passion en de Johannes-Passion. De Markus-Passion bevat wel de helft minder aria’s dan de Matthaüs-Passion. Daarentegen bevat de Markus-Passion weer veel meer koralen dan de Matthäus-Passion. De verschuiving van de aria’s naar de koralen kan te maken hebben met het feit dat vanaf 1700 de muziek veranderde onder andere onder invloed van de Italiaanse Opera. De orthodoxe omgeving van Bach had het niet zo op met die Italiaanse invloeden. Het is mogelijk dat Bach als een soort tegenreactie extra veel ‘ouderwetse’ koralen in de Markus-Passion heeft gezet. Zo kwam het liturgisch karakter weer goed naar voren. Dit werd namelijk gemist in de Matthäus-Passion. En zo kon de toenmalig strenge lutheraanse orthodoxie in Leipzig ook weer tevreden zijn.